Indonesia has reached a significant milestone in its journey toward exploring the potential of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) with the completion of the Proof of Concept (PoC) for the wholesale Digital Rupiah under the auspices of Bank Indonesia’s Project Garuda.
Marking a pivotal point, Indonesia’s efforts underscore its drive to harness digital technologies for modernising payment systems while safeguarding financial stability and promoting inclusivity.
The PoC represents the Immediate State phase of Project Garuda, an initiative designed to explore the application of distributed ledger technology (DLT) in creating a secure and efficient wholesale digital currency system.
Bank Indonesia tested two DLT platforms—Corda by R3 and Hyperledger Besu by Kaleido—to evaluate their feasibility and alignment with the unique characteristics of Indonesia’s financial ecosystem.
Exploring the Goals and Challenges of the Proof of Concept
The primary objective of the PoC was to determine the viability of DLT in implementing the wholesale Digital Rupiah Cash Ledger (wRD). Designed for seamless integration, the wRD supports Indonesia’s payment systems while maintaining monetary stability and avoiding the creation of additional monetary value.
To achieve this, the PoC focused on three key processes: issuance, redemption, and fund transfers.
The processes included converting reserve account balances into digital Rupiah and vice versa, ensuring seamless interoperability with Bank Indonesia’s Real-Time Gross Settlement (BI-RTGS) system. account balances into digital Rupiah and vice versa, while ensuring seamless interoperability with Bank Indonesia’s Real-Time Gross Settlement (BI-RTGS) system.
The PoC involved 55 detailed test scenarios that evaluated platform performance in resilience, privacy, scalability, and fault tolerance. The platforms met all criteria, showcasing their capability to effectively support the envisioned system.
Additionally, integration challenges were resolved through the adoption of interoperability standards like ISO 20022, enabling compatibility with both domestic and international financial market infrastructures.
Pioneering Technological Advancements
One of the significant outcomes of the PoC was the demonstration of smart contracts—self-executing codes embedded within the blockchain.
Smart contracts automated key processes, minimised human intervention, and enhanced transaction security. Such innovations streamlined operations and paved the way for exploring sophisticated financial instruments like Delivery Versus Payment (DvP) mechanisms.
The PoC demonstrated the transformative potential of DLT-based systems in improving liquidity management. Distributing transaction validation responsibilities across network nodes reduced reliance on central authorities, enhancing resilience and operational efficiency.
Each platform exhibited distinct strengths. Corda leveraged a notary system for transaction validation, while Hyperledger Besu used a proof-of-authority consensus mechanism to ensure robust processing.
Exploration included privacy models and advanced multi-validator deployments, offering the potential to secure sensitive transaction data while enabling seamless integration with broader financial systems. For example, the observer node feature implemented during the PoC allowed Bank Indonesia to monitor transactions without compromising participants’ confidentiality.
Building Success Through Collaboration
Stakeholder engagement was pivotal to the success of the PoC. Inputs from academia, industry leaders, and government bodies informed the design and architecture of the wholesale Digital Rupiah.
Collaborative efforts align with the Indonesia Payment System Blueprint 2030, which prioritises innovation, financial inclusion, and economic sustainability.
Inclusivity made the Digital Rupiah system adaptable and robust, capable of addressing Indonesia’s unique challenges, such as its geographically dispersed population and diverse economic activities. By incorporating iterative feedback from stakeholders, Bank Indonesia ensured the digital Rupiah remained relevant and effective in addressing real-world challenges.
Transitioning to the Intermediate State from The Immediate State
Before we even talk about the Intermediate State, let’s first know what is the Immediate State.
For starters, the Immediate State phase demonstrated the feasibility of the digital Rupiah and its seamless integration with existing systems. Issuance and redemption processes adhered to the principle of monetary neutrality, converting funds between reserve accounts and the Digital Rupiah without altering the overall money supply.
Integration with BI-RTGS demonstrated the system’s compatibility with Indonesia’s financial market infrastructure.
Smart contracts played a crucial role in automating these processes. Their ability to enforce pre-defined conditions reduced manual intervention and minimised errors, thereby enhancing efficiency.
The implementation of a decentralised fund transfer process further optimised liquidity management, enabling real-time transactions validated by distributed nodes.
Another critical feature was the system’s scalability and fault tolerance. Capable of processing high transaction volumes, the platforms seamlessly demonstrated their readiness for large-scale deployment.
The PoC findings also revealed the potential for incorporating advanced features, such as zero-knowledge proofs, to enhance transaction privacy.
Following the success of the Immediate State, the Intermediate State phase will expand digital asset use cases. This includes integrating digital securities and introducing DvP mechanisms. These advancements will expand the utility of the Digital Rupiah within Indonesia’s financial ecosystem and potentially in cross-border contexts.
In the next phase, privacy-enhancing technologies, such as multi-signature validations and advanced cryptographic models, will be explored further to maintain confidentiality and security.
Such features are crucial for maintaining the confidentiality and security of transactions, particularly as the scope of the Digital Rupiah broadens.
Indonesia’s Role in Global Digital Currency Leadership
Indonesia’s success with the Digital Rupiah PoC positions it as a leader in the global exploration of wholesale CBDCs. Addressing interoperability, scalability, and security challenges, Indonesia sets a global example for nations exploring similar initiatives.
The emphasis on stakeholder collaboration and technological innovation underscores Indonesia’s commitment to creating a resilient and inclusive digital financial ecosystem.
The Digital Rupiah also holds promise for enhancing Indonesia’s economic sovereignty. As a secure and efficient medium for both domestic and cross-border transactions, it ensures the Rupiah’s relevance in an increasingly digital global economy.
Furthermore, the project aligns with broader economic goals by fostering financial inclusion and supporting sustainable growth.
Indonesia’s successful completion of the Digital Rupiah PoC highlights its vision and capacity to navigate the complexities of CBDC development.
Through the adoption of advanced technologies and collaborative frameworks, Indonesia charts a path for digital financial transformation. and fostering collaboration, Indonesia is charting a path for digital financial transformation.
With each phase of Project Garuda, the Digital Rupiah’s potential to revolutionise payment systems and advance economic inclusion becomes clearer.
With each phase, Indonesia moves closer to realising a secure, efficient, and inclusive financial future, ensuring that the nation remains at the forefront of global digital innovation.
Featured image credit: Edited from Freepik
